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LUL, LLL, RUL, RML, RLL

人類的肺臟, 分成左肺和右肺; 左肺又可分成 "左上肺葉"  (left upper lobe) 和 "左下肺葉" (left lower lobe),  右肺又可分成 "右上肺葉" (right upper lobe), "右中肺葉"  (right middle lobe), "右下肺葉" (right lower lobe). 發問人提到的 LUL, 正是 "左上肺葉" 的英文縮寫…… 一般來說, 當醫師在胸腔 X 光片上, 發現任何病灶時, 必然會先判斷和描述它的位置: 是在肺內? 還是肺外呢? 若是在肺內, 則是在哪片肺葉呢? 所謂 "肺結節" ( lung nodule ), 並非疾病名稱,  而是胸腔影像判讀的名詞, 用以描述某種影像變化. 簡言之, 凡是在胸腔 X 光片或胸腔電腦斷層的片子上, 發現肺內 有一大致呈圓形, 質地偏向固體( 而非液體或散亂的發炎浸潤 ) 的白色或灰白色陰影, 都可稱之為 "肺結節". 基本上, X 光片是一張黑白的灰階影像. 由於 X 光對於每種物質的透光程度不同, 故每種物質在 X 光片上, 會形成不同程度的灰階色彩. 顏色最黑的, 乃是氣體 ( 例如: 氣管, 肺臟, 胃氣, 腸氣 ). 灰黑色的, 則是脂肪. 灰白色的, 則是肝臟, 各種液體 ( 例如: 心臟, 血管等 ), 肌肉等. 偏白色的, 則是骨頭. 亮白色的, 則是金屬. 可能以 "肺結節" ( lung nodule ) 來表現的疾病或其它情況甚多! 在疾病方面 ...... 例如: 過去或目前的感染, 所造成的鈣化或纖維化; 各種細菌或黴菌感染; 類肉瘤; 各種自體免疫疾病; 其它良性腫瘤 ( 例如: 缺陷瘤, 血管瘤 ); 各種惡性腫瘤 ( 例如: 原發性肺癌, 或其它癌症轉移至肺臟, 或淋巴瘤等 ) 等. 而在非疾病方面 ...... 包括骨頭的鈣化, 種子骨, 乳頭, 或是 正常血管的轉折處等, 也都可能形成類似 "肺結節" 的影像變化. 多年來, 個人在 知識+ 已回答過至少二十次關...
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What are GGN and GGO?

= GGN Among various types of the small-cell and non-small-cell lung cancers, adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent type, accounting for more than a third of all primary lung tumors. A type of adenocarcinoma known as small peripheral adenocarcinomas aka ground-glass nodule (GGN) is the common radiographic appearance of such small peripheral lung adenocarcinomas. Radiographic Characteristics of GGNs Radiologically speaking, GGN represents a type of pulmonary nodules (i.e., localized increase of attenuation in the lung parenchyma of a X-ray CT image), which does not completely obscure the underlying normal parenchymal structures such as airways, vessels and interlobular septa (i.e., presenting a focal ground-glass opacity or GGO). GGN is also known as subsolid nodule, while those that completely obscure the lung parenchyma are called solid nodules. GGN covers a spectrum between completely-not-solid and almost-solid opacities, which are clinically categorized into two subtypes: p...
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What is MIP / MinIP?

MIP In scientific visualization, a maximum intensity projection (MIP) is a method for 3D data that projects in the visualization plane the voxels with maximum intensity that fall in the way of parallel rays traced from the viewpoint to the plane of projection. This implies that two MIP renderings from opposite viewpoints are symmetrical images if they are rendered using orthographic projection. MIP is used for the detection of lung nodules in lung cancer screening programs which use computed tomography scans. MIP enhances the 3D nature of these nodules, making them stand out from pulmonary bronchi and vasculature. MIP imaging is also used routinely by physicians in interpreting Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Magnetic Resonance Angiography studies. MinIP Minimum intensity projection (MinIP) is a data visualization method that enables detection of low-density structures in a given volume. The algorithm uses all the data in a volume of interest to generate a single bi...
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